DIABETES MELLITUS
- is a group of metabolic disease characterized by increased levels of glucose in the blood (HYPERGLYCEMIA) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Normal Range for blood glucose 80-120 mg/dL.
CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS
1. Type 1 Diabetes
a. Onset any age, but usually young (< 30 years old)
b. Usually thin at diagnosis recent weight loss
c. Etiology includes genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors.
d. Insulin Dependent
2. Type 2 Diabetes
a. occurs more commonly among people who are older than 30 years old
b. Obese
c. Two main problems related to insulin in type 2 diabetes are Insulin resistance and Impaired insulin secretion.
Insulin resistance refers to decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin. While, impaired insulin secretion, refers lack of supply of insulin.
Signs and Symptoms of Type 2 diabetes
1. Fatigue
2. Irritability’
3. Polyuria
4. Polydipsia
5. Poorly healing skin wounds
6. Vaginal Infection
7. Blurred Vision
This may indicate that glucose level is very high.
3. Gestational Diabetes
a. Onset during pregnant, usually in the second or third trimester.
b. Due to hormones secreted by placenta, which inhibit secretion of insulin
RISK FACTORS for DIABETES MELLITUS
1. Family History of Diabetes (ex. Parents or siblings with diabetes).
2. Obesity (ex. ≥20% over desired body weight or BMI ≥27 KG/M2)
3. Race/ethnicity
4. Age ≥45 years old
5. Previously identified impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance.
6. Hypertension
7. HDL cholesterol level ≤35 mg/dL
8. History of Gestational Diabetes.
PREVENTION of DIABETES MELLITUS
1. Change in lifestyle
2. Drink Maintenance Medicine all the time.
3. Always see your Doctor for follow-up check up.
4. Exercise
5. Proper Diet
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION of DIABETES MELLITUS
The Three (3) P’s SYMPTOMS of diabetes:
1. Polyuria, refers to increased in urination,
2. Polydipsia, refers to increased in thirst.
3. Polyphagia, refers to increased in appetite.
Other symptoms:
a. Weakness
b. Sudden vision changes
c. Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet
d. Dry skin
e. Skin lesions or wounds that are slow to heal
f. Recurrent infection.
COMPLICATION of DIABETES MELLITUS
1. Cardiovascular Disease (Myocardial infarction, stroke)
2. Peripheral Disease
3. Gas gangrene
4. Kidney Disease
5. Eye Disease
6. Disease of the nerve.
7. Macrovascular Complication (coronary artery disease)
NURSING CARE PLAN
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Hemodialysis - Complication of DM Type II can lead to Renal Failure
