Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma

1. An asthma attack may occur spontaneously or in response to a trigger. Either way, the attack progresses in the following manner:

• There is an initial release of inflammatory mediators from bronchial mast cells, epithelial cells, and macrophages, followed by activation of other inflammatory cells
• Alteration of autonomic neural control of airway tone and epithelial integrity occur and the increased responsiveness in airways smooth muscle results in clinical manifestations (e.g. wheezing and dyspnea)

2. Three events contribute to clinical manifestations

• Bronchial spasm
• Inflammation and edema of the mucosa
• Production of thick mucus, which results in increased airway resistance, premature closure of airways, hyperinflation, increased work of breathing, and impaired gas exchange

3. If not treated promptly, status asthmaticus – an acute, severe, prolonged asthma attack that is unresponsive to the usual treatment – may occur, requiring hospitalization.

Bronchial Asthma - Nursing Care Plan